The Great Depression Possible Leads to Its Cause :: essays papers

The Great Depression Possible Leads to Its Cause The Great Depression is known as the worst economic disaster of our time. While this fact is accepted throughout the world, a specific cause to this disaster remains a mystery. Maybe at that place is no one certain reason. Maybe it was a result of widespread factors causing the world-wide recession. Overproduction, World War I, and the banking system were solely origins of the Great Depression. Thanks to the nose drops twenties, consumers of the late twenties were very confident. They didnt care to spend. To complement the increased spending, producers began to spend more as technology improved production speeds and costs. Author T.H. Watkins says more and pause goods were produced during this time (the 1920s), than at any time in history (45). With slightly increasing wages, consumers bought as much as their wallet would allow them. However, they couldnt abide to barter for all that was produced and overproduction occurr ed. Even though overproduction occurred, that still wasnt enough to cause this stagnant economic recession. World War I was partly to pick because it had made the international economy unstable. Though Great Britain was the national creditor before the war, devastating circumstances made G.B. needy for some finances instead. In fact, much of the continent of Europe had been destroyed. Factories, farms, and homes were all brought to the ground as the battle between nations began. By the end of the war, the United States was the least harmed of the Allied nations. The United States didnt lose penny-pinching the lives but it did lose a lot of money. After the war, nations still sought cash to repair their tarnished homelands. The United States and its supposed booming economy became the lender to many countries. These loans couldnt be repaid. In fact, Europe even relied on U.S. loans to purchase U.S. goods. With the foreign trade market in a downward spiral, it was evident that harsh generation were soon to come. As Paul Gusmorino illustrates on his web page, by 1929, ten percent of American gross national product went into exports. When the foreign nations discovered they couldnt afford to buy U.S. goods, U.S. exports fell a drastic thirty percent seemingly overnight. The $1.5 billion lost in foreign sales between 1929 to 1933 was one-eighth of all lost American sales, Gusmorino concludes. So, as the world economy became a nightmare, the banking system of the United States also became a disgust.

Early American Writers Essay -- essays research papers

Early American Writers     In the literature of early American writers there is one common traitamong completely the writings religion. Among Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwardsall speak of their opinion of religion, god, heaven, and material things.     Anne Bradstreet was a puritan wife, originally from England but thenmoved to America. Upon moving and settling into her home, her poems became fullof emotion and spoke nigh concerns from her heart. She was religious andbelieved that men had superiority over women.     A common concern in these religious writers was the unimportance ofmaterial things on Earth. In Bradstreets Upon the Burning of Our domiciliate July10th, 1666, her house was burned to the ground. Nevertheless, she did not shedto many tears because she knew that "Thou hast an house on high erect," meaningthat her real home was in heaven. She ready comfort in god and her belief inher made her strong and able to move on in her life. When she starts thinkingabout all her possessions that she had woolly she would "Raise up thy thoughtsabove the sky . . . " and remember these things do not matter, what matters isher "house on high."     Jonathan Edwards also found comfort in god, "leading me to sweet-scentedcontemplations of my great and glorious God." Jonathan was also a puritan fromthe early America, however, he was a preache...

View Advertising Tracking Devices with Caution Essay -- Business Priva

In todays society, one lowlife see that introduce a person has become much easier with the technology advances that have been developed. When close people think of tracking devices they primarily think of negative issues, except that has all changed now. A tracking device the size of a tic tack that can be surgically implanted to provide a tamper proof means of identification, enhanced e-business security, locating lost or missing individuals, monitoring pith rate, vital signs, tracking of the elderly, the location of valuable property, and monitoring the medical conditions of at risk patients. With advertisement companies, tracking device software is used to allow the customers information on the status of package, delivery address, and the person that signed for the package. However, advertisers could use that private information to their advantage and try to sell that person more frivolous objects or pass that information to another advertisement association. Tracking device s can be marketed toward other companies that advertise luxury cars or other industrial goods, but when those companies buy that product, they will be put in a purchasing list and the company that sold that product will keep track of that particular company and try to sell more goods. Cookies are used by network shopping sites to keep track of what is being purchased by that person who is on that site, but used as a device for tracking browsing and buying habits of individual web users. Through the analytical view of cause and effect of internet cookies and tracking devices, one can understand the good qualities, but dangerous misuses of having a tracking chip in the advertising world. Despite the flaws of a tracking device, there are many reasons why advertisers are ... ...the controversies are. Basically, the issue involving tracking devices may lead to a person using one for security or interrogative purposes or use one for their own perverted or invasive pleasure. In conclusi on, one should not take tracking devices lightly.Works CitedLewen, Todd. Chips mellow Tech Aids or Tracking Tools? www.usatoday.com. September 3,2008Newlyn, Korbin. GPS Tracking Devices- Teens vs. Parents, Law Enforcement vs. Invasion ofPrivacy. www.buzzle.com. September 15, 2008New Campaigns. B to B 86. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. orange Coast College Library. October 1, 2008Bowes, Elena. Rita A Highly Competent Secretary, Helps Deliver Fiscal Health to UPS. Advertising Age International (December 1999). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Orange Coast College Library. October 1, 2008. meshwork Cookies. www.ciac.org. October 1, 2008

Antigone Essay -- Greek, Sophocles

I. SUBJECTAntigone is a bout about a woman who disobeyed the Kings order to not bury her brother. The calculate was written by the famous Greek tragedian, Sophocles, in 441 B.C. The story took place in the city of Thebes and the time period is not mentioned. The main characters introduced in the play are of Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon. The primary focus was concentrate on on Antigone and the consequences she faces after breaking the Kings orders.In the beginning, the author introduced Antigone and her sister, Ismene, and their argument about their recently deceased brother. The argument tough Antigone wanting to bury her brother and Ismene encouraging her to obey the Kings orders. Antigone ignored her sisters advice and chose to disobey the King by burying her brother. The King learned of Antigones actions and sentenced her to death. After listening to his heap he lessened her sentence to spend the rest of her life in an isolated cave. With the advice of a trusted proph et, he once again changes his perspective and decides to caboodle Antigone free. However, he arrived at the cave and was shocked to see that Antigone had hanged herself. The situation caused chaos among the people in Thebes. Antigones death greatly affected the lives of many other people. The Kings news kills himself after seeing Antigone, his soon-to-be bride. In addition to his sons suicide, the Kings wife learned the news about her son and ended her own life. The King is instantaneously responsible for all the lost lives and heartbroken people, when he pull his royal word above the word of the gods.II. THEMEThe theme of Antigone is that when the constabulary of the state is put above the religious law, it can corrupt and disfigure the minds of mankind. Th... ...tigone is between the two mindsets of the two conflicting characters. Sophocles bases Antigone on his standpoint about the argument of the man-made law against the religious law. The conflict between the two opposin g characters creates drama throughout the story. Antigone could also be referred to as a tragedy sub-genre. Tragedy recounts casually related series of events in the life of a person of significance, culminating in an unhappy catastrophe, the whole treated with dignity and seriousness (554). Antigone is one of Sophocles many famous tragedies. It is centered around the tragic outcome that may take place in the occurrence of being prideful. Sophocles portrays that pride can result in tragedy and in disaster. In the story, Creon is prideful as his position of King and he ultimately brings his city to ruins. Tragedy played a major role in the story.

Stella and Ruth: Similar Women from Different Lifestyles :: Comparative, Williams, Hansberry

Although A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, and A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, appear to be very opposite plays, there atomic number 18 some capacious similarities. Ruth, from A Raisin in the Sun, lives with her immediate family and her sister and mother-in-law in the Southside of Chicago. However, Stella, A Streetcar Named Desire, has left her family behind and moved to New Orleans. Although these ii women come from very different backgrounds and are characters in very different plays, they have surprising similarities. Therefore, Ruth and Stella have similarities and differences in their overall lifestyles.Stella and Ruth share similar present liveness conditions but differ in their childhood lifestyles. Both women are presently living in poorer areas in small apartments. This is shown when Williams describes Stellas living situation as in the poor section of the cityhouses weathered gray with rickety stairs (Williams 1) and also when Stella explains to her visiting sister Blanche, in an embarrassed tone, that there were only two rooms- this oneand the other one (Williams 1). And in Ruths case, Hansberry describes how the apartment appeared to have been home to too many people for too long (Hansberry 1.1). end-to-end the first act, there are many descriptions made by Hansberry about the cramped situation of the apartment including a shortage of bedrooms and bathrooms (Hansberry 1.1). Although Ruth had always see living in these kinds of conditions (Hansberry 1.1), Stella had not. This is shown when Eunice, the woman who owns the other apartment in the complex, is discussing Stellas childhood home with Blanche (Williams 1). The home was actually a plantation called Belle Reve and described as a great big place with white columns (Williams 1). Through this conversation, the reader can see that Stella now lives a very different lifestyle compared to her childhood. Therefore, although both Ruth and Stella live in similar conditi ons now, there are obvious differences in their upbringings.A second major similarity between the two women is their spirit of being non-confrontational. Both women, in a sense, let others walk over them. Ruth is dominated by her husband, Walter, for the most part and Stella by her husband, Stanley, and sister Blanche. When situations are tense, both characters try to avoid the confrontational subject or shy away when it is brought up. For example, when Walter adamantly keeps trying to force Ruth into supporting his business ideals at breakfast-which she doesnt agree with-she tries to change the subject by repeatedly telling Walter to eat his eggs (Hansberry 1.

Stella and Ruth: Similar Women from Different Lifestyles :: Comparative, Williams, Hansberry

Although A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, and A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, get along to be very different plays, there are some gr sweep away similarities. condolence, from A Raisin in the Sun, lives with her immediate family and her sister and mother-in-law in the Southside of Chicago. However, Stella, A Streetcar Named Desire, has remaining her family behind and moved to New Orleans. Although these two women come from very different backgrounds and are characters in very different plays, they commence surprising similarities. Therefore, Ruth and Stella carry similarities and differences in their overall lifestyles.Stella and Ruth share similar present animated conditions but differ in their childishness lifestyles. Both women are presently living in poorer areas in small apartments. This is shown when Williams describes Stellas living situation as in the poor section of the cityhouses weathered gray with rickety stairs (Williams 1) and overly when Stella explains to her visiting sister Blanche, in an embarrassed tone, that there were only two rooms- this oneand the other one (Williams 1). And in Ruths case, Hansberry describes how the apartment appeared to have been home to too many people for too long (Hansberry 1.1). Throughout the first act, there are many descriptions made by Hansberry about the fasten situation of the apartment including a shortage of bedrooms and bathrooms (Hansberry 1.1). Although Ruth had always experienced living in these kinds of conditions (Hansberry 1.1), Stella had not. This is shown when Eunice, the woman who owns the other apartment in the complex, is discussing Stellas childhood home with Blanche (Williams 1). The home was actually a plantation called Belle Reve and described as a great big place with white columns (Williams 1). Through this conversation, the reader groundwork see that Stella now lives a very different lifestyle compared to her childhood. Therefore, although both Ruth and Stella live in similar conditions now, there are obvious differences in their upbringings.A second major similarity between the two women is their personality of being non-confrontational. Both women, in a sense, let others walk over them. Ruth is dominated by her husband, Walter, for the most part and Stella by her husband, Stanley, and sister Blanche. When situations are tense, both characters try to avoid the confrontational subject or shy out when it is brought up. For example, when Walter adamantly keeps trying to force Ruth into supporting his business ideals at breakfast-which she doesnt agree with-she tries to change the subject by repeatedly telling Walter to eat his eggs (Hansberry 1.

A Systematic Review on the Comparison of Avandia and Actos in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a condition that is characterized by a chronic plagiarise in the glucose directs of the smear. It can lead to changes of the consanguinity vessels of the retina, nephron, heart, nerves, etc, causing a lot of complications.Individuals, who suffer from eccentric 2 diabetes, whitethorn or may not bespeak insulin (as the condition primarily occurs due to insulin resistance or improper utilization of insulin by the blood cells). In many cases, people who suffer from type 2 diabetes, atomic number 18 ultimately given insulin, even though the drug is not very effective in control the high blood sugar takes (Ligaray, 2008).Studies conducted in the UK effectively demonstrate that 25 % of the patients who suffer from type II diabetes require insulin indoors 6 years of initiating therapy with oral hypoglycaemic agents (Edelman, 2005).In clinical practice, type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest diseases that are seen. The insulin levels may be lo w, defective in nature or the very utilisation of insulin by the fat, coloured and the muscle cells may be hampered. The individual may not depend on insulin for bringing back the blood glucose levels back to normal. Ketosis seldom develops, but is common under stressful conditions (Inzucchi, 2007).Today, in the US, the screening for diabetes is usually performed in elders or high-risk individuals, and as such there may be several members of the general population who may be silently suffering from the complaint.The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the US is most 7 %, but in individuals above the age of 50 years, the relative incidence may be about 15 %. Certain minority groups including the Hispanics, African-Americans, Native Americans, etc, are at a higher risk of developing the disorder. The mean age of incidence of the disorder in high-risk populations usually occur at a younger age compared to the White American populations. If we look at the prevalence of diabetes me llitus type 2 throughout the world, the incidence is high in Indians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Latin Americans, etc.In Australians, Africans, Aborigines, Asians, etc, the incidence is relative lower when they live in the native countries. However, when they migrate to the US, the prevalence of the disorder is relatively higher, owing to the change in lifestyle, poor control over risk factors, etc.A great proportion of diabetic patients die from cardiac diseases such as heart attacks, stroke, etc. Studies eat up effectively exhibit that the risk for cardiac disease raises two-folds in men, and up to four folds in women (Ligaray, 2008).The main pathophysiology of diabetes is the rise in the blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) due to the low insulin levels in the blood, improper utilisation of insulin by the cells, defective functioning of the insulin or resistance to insulin. The pancreatic beta islet cells may not produce sufficient amounts of insulin required by the body or se veral groups of cells present in the body such as the fat, muscle, liver, etc, may be resistant to the action of insulin.Studies conducted during autopsy have effectively demo that the beta cell mass in type 2 diabetics are reduced to about half the normal size. The body cells find it seemingly difficult to hold glucose resulting in lower amount of glucose expat to the muscles, greater production of glucose by the liver and greater breakdown of fat (Ligaray, 2008).Other ca functions of diabetes type 2 include production of substance by the body that hamper the action of insulin, glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. When the individual consumes carbohydrates, there are chances that the blood glucose level would raise further, as insulin is not available to control (Inzucchi, 2007).The ability of the body to use insulin immediately to control carbohydrate and sugar level following ingestion is difficult (Ligaray, 2008). Studies may have shown that although the insulin deficiency may be mild, the ability of the insulin to stop an immediate rise in the blood glucose level would be absent. When the individual suffers from mild type 2 diabetes during the initial stages, there are chances that the insulin secretion would respond to other secretogogues such as amino acids.However, in severe type 2 diabetes, the condition does not respond to other secretogogues resulting in a severe deficiency of insulin. In individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes, there may be deposition of an amyeloid-like substance in the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets. The beta-cells begin to malfunction following the deposition of amyloid (Inzucchi, 2007).In some of the type 2 diabetics the insulin secretion may be defective in nature. The ability of the cells to respond to insulin is reduced and the normal response is less.The cells may not be able to use the insulin effectively to ensure utilization of glucose by the cells. In an environment of hyperglycaemia, the cells find it very diffic ult to utilize the insulin and the glucose. The body finds it difficult to produce glycogen from glucose in the liver and breakdown of fats, as a result of the decreased sensitivity of the insulin.The exact reason for the poor response of the cells to insulin is not understood clearly, but scientists advert that it has to do with the defective mitochondrial functioning and the accumulation of free fatty acids in the cells that are usually supposed to respond to insulin. The insulin receptors in such cells may be normal, but the insulin pathways that are related to the insulin receptors may go haywire.The functioning of the glucose transporting agent GLUT may become abnormal. Scientists also feel that the defects in insulin use and glucose transportation may be due to a genetic defect. Obesity also increases the risk of the individual developing resistance to insulin. The presence of free fatty acids in the body would suggest greater amount of lipid deposition in the liver and the m uscles thus playing a major role in developing insulin resistance (Inzucchi, 2007).When the blood glucose levels are high, the sensitivity of the cell to insulin and the ability of the cell to utilize glucose are seriously affected. Besides, a rise in the lipids in the blood can affect glucose metabolism, causing a raise in hepatic gluconeogenesis, and raising the free fatty acid levels. The pancreas functions abnormally and the muscles are unable to utilize glucose effectively (Inzucchi, 2007).It may be difficult to assert whether the primary defect in type 2 diabetics is due to insulin insufficiency or insulin resistance. Studies have demonstrated that in high-risk populations, the initial defect is primarily due to insulin resistance and a decrease in the insulin sensitivity.However, diabetes would not occur only with insulin resistance alone. Studies have shown that frequently due to the secretory defects, the beta cells seem to get exhausted. It may also be that chronic stimula tion of the beta-cells along with the genetic defects would result in insulin insufficiency (Inzucchi, 2007).Evidence strongly supports that genetics and environmental factors both play a major role in the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 (some even suggest complex genetic factors). Most of the forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been polygenic in nature, whereas maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has been monogenic in nature. There is a clear familial linkage seen in diabetes mellitus type 2, but there seems to be no classical Mendelian inheritance (Inzucchi, 2007).Diabetes mellitus patients are at the risk of high deathrate in case their condition worsens and complications develop. Hence, one the keys to ensure a longer lifespan in diabetes patients is effective management using drugs and medications.Studies have clearly demonstrated that diabetes patients require an aggressive, intensive and early intervention that would be able to identify a rise in the blood sugar level and ensure that it is brought within normal range. One of the most difficult complications of diabetes patients would be developing is heart disease.The mortality from heart disease is quite high (70 %) in diabetics. Besides, the costs of managing a patient suffering from diabetes and heart disease are about three times higher (Unger, 2008).Diabetes mellitus is mainly diagnosed on the basis of the plasma glucose levels. The fasting blood glucose level should be more than 126 mg per dl of blood. The post prandial blood glucose level should be greater than 200 mg per dl of blood (typically taken 2 hours after a meal). The impaired glucose tolerance levels include 140 to 199 post-prandially.In diabetes, a random blood glucose taste should demonstrate reading above 200 mg per dl along with the presence of symptoms of diabetes. For the individual to be classified as diabetic, the blood glucose tests should demonstrate consistent results. Haemoglobin A-1c is also utile in de monstrating the retrospective glucose levels, but cannot be taken as standard as there are several potential errors that may be associated with this test (Buse, 2008).

Recognizing Differences Essay

The following information will discuss the difference between valuation, disparagement, amortization and depletion. It will also discuss is it appropriate to sum up depreciation apply two different methods? What is valuation? The process of determining the current worth of an asset or company (www.investopedia.com). For example if you bought a car a yr ago the value of the car will go down. The reason the value goes down is because you have wear and tear on the car so it is not worth as much, so the valuation is looking at the asset (the vehicle) and figuring out how much it is worth after being used. What is Depreciation? A method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset all everyplace its useful life. Businesses depreciate long-term assets for both tax and story purposes (www.investopedia.com). The three classes used for depreciation is land improvements, buildings and equipment. If a foot of equipment is bought by a company for two million dollars and the company expects it to be used for 10 years, it will be depreciated over 10 years. This means that every accounting year the company would expense $200,000.00 (assuming the company uses straight-line depreciation).What is Amortization? The paying off of debit in regular installments over a period of time (www.investopedia.com). Amortization is the allocation of only intangible assets, such as copyrights or patents. For example if a company buys a piece of equipment for $45 million dollars and the patent for this equipment is 15 years, this means that $3 million would be recorded as an amortization expense each year. What is depletion? An accrual accounting method that companies use to allocate the cost of extracting natural resources such as timber, minerals and oil from the earth (www.investopedia.com). There are two types of depletion percentage depletion and cost depletion. When a company is depleting timber the IRS required that the cost method is used. The IRS then required the method that yiel ds the highest deduction to be used for mineral property, and oil from the earth. Yes, it is appropriate to calculate depreciationusing two different methods. Companies use the straight-line method on its financial statements for their plant assets. Companies can then use the accelerated method on their income tax return. A company can also be depreciating their equipment for ten years for their financial statements and for their income tax return they can use sevensome years.ReferencesInvestopedia (2014) Retrieved March 24, 2014http//www.investopedia.com/terms/v/valuation.aspInvestopedia (2014) Retrieved March 24, 2014http//www.investopedia.com/terms/d/depreciation.aspInvestopedia (2014) Retrieved March 24, 2014http//www.investopedia.com/terms/a/amortization.aspInvestopedia (2014) Retrieved March 24, 2014http//www.investopedia.com/terms/d/depletion.asp

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory According to Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory, microsystem refers to the groups that immediately influence and directly impact the development of a child. In my smell this impact came from my family and church. As a young child I was very timid and shy. My family taught me how to be resilient in challenging situations. For example during life-size family gatherings, where confrontations occur among my cousins and I, there were several opportunities to voice my opinion and stand for what I feel was right.The church I attended gave me a different paradigm on life. Being a part of this ministry allowed me to see my potential on a gravider level. Over the years, I was given many chances to interact with children in a supervisory position. This experience helped me to discover my gift for teaching young children. Exosystem is the link amidst a social setting in which the individual does not absorb an active role. Being a military fam ily, exosystem, also had a strong influence on my development as a child.My step father was enlisted in the US Navy. At the age of eight years old, my family and I relocated to Virginia from Florida. We resided here for 4 years. During my time in Virginia, I discovered that school was to a greater extent challenging than that of Florida schools. I struggled academically, especially the first two years. The academic lessons are a little more than a year worth of difference between the two school systems. So the two systems that impact me the most are the microsystem of my family and the exosystem of being a military family.Nurture and Nature does have an influence on self-aggrandising development, but not as great as it is on children. Lets look at nurture, as a child you are free developing. A child has minimal control over his or her environment and development has not reached maturation, thats why children need adult supervision and guidance. at a time a child becomes a mature functioning adult he or she can reconstruct sound decisions what is accepted in his or her environment. For example, professional does not enjoy the city that he resides in. There are not a lot of opportunities for the career field he is working in.Victor can make a conscious decision to move to a more suitable location. A minor has very little influence on where he or she lives. With the latest advancements in science we are fortunate to have the knowledge to counteract the negative effects of genetics. Nature influence on our quality of life is weakening. Marias family has a history of heart failure and diabetes. Marias, physical make up is that of her biological father. She is petite and pear shaped. Her paternal great grandmother, great aunt and grandmother died from complications of heart disease.Maria has control over the foods she eats and activity levels. On the other hand, children foods and playtimes are decided by consenting adults. finished proper education and a healt hy lifestyle she has a better chance of a life free of this illness. Even though nurture and constitution have a minimum influence on adults, ultimately adults make the final decisions on their lives. Choose Wisely. 1. Witt, G. A. , & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult Development and Life Assessment. Retrieved from https//content. ashford. edu/books/AUPSY202. 10. 2

Indian Festivals Essay

A festival is an occasion of enjoyment and celebration. Indian festivals are known to attract the manhood due to their harmony, variety, colour and excitement. Thus we can divide the festivals into three categoriesnational or political, religious and seasonal. These are the festivals which punctuate the seasons of the year. National festivals like Republic Day, liberty Day, Gandhi Jayanti and others are celebrated with great patriotic fervour. Now-a-days they have been declared National Holidays. Religious festivals and ceremonies are as varied as the people, their customs beliefs and faith. In northern India, Dussehra is observed as Vijaya Dashmi celebrating victory of good over evil, of Rama over Ravana. In Bengal, the occasion is celebrated as Durga Puja. This festival is celebrated with gaiety and lasts for five days.Diwali is the closely prominent of the Hindu festivals. The Hindus celebrate this day to commemorate the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after winning the decisiv e war against the evil forces of Ravana. The Muslim celebrates Id-UI-Fitra. It is celebrated to emphasise the end of Ramzan. It was during the month of Ramzan that Holy Quran was revealed to Prophet Mohammed. Christmas is the greatest festival of the Christians. The festival marks birthday of Jesus Christ the founder of Christianity on twenty-fifth December. India is the only country where these festivals are celebrated with great devotion to the Almighty and seasonal variations. The main objectives of festivals are to bring people from different walks of life to find each section of society with open arms and to forget the narrow differences between one another.

What Is The Significance Of Sssi Status Environmental Sciences Essay

The intent of this site is to measure the feasibleness of the reintroduction of deliverance run as a snap option for Odiham Common, Hampshire. It presents an overview of the Common, provides an penetration into other UK sites where saving graze is taking topographic point, reviews possible biodiversity impacts, croping governments and the practical challenges of environmental direction of a multipurpose site where in that respect is considerable resistance to graze.A personal position will be presented refering preservation graze, giving a balanced overview of the position, domicile state and preservation concerns, whilst recognizing unpaid and access demands.The geld is presented in an accessible manner for a assortment of stakeh fourth-years including occupants, Walkers, Equus caballus riders, Canis familiaris Walkers and local groups. To inform and act upon those opposed to conservation croping approximately its benefits and the possibility of a partial, well-managed re introduction.East of Eng displace Grazing ForumRepresented by industry and preservation organic structures to turn to under paring and grassland direction.hypertext transfer protocol //www.grazingforum.co.uk/Hampshire County Council ( Hampshire Heathland Project )Local authorities projection integrating graze as a signifier of direction.hypertext transfer protocol //www3.hants.gov.uk/biodiversity/environment-biodiversity-landmanagement/heathland.htmHealth and Safety ExecutiveCattle and public en manoeuvre in England and Wales counsel.hypertext transfer protocol //www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ais17ew.pdfNatural EnglandGovernment adviser on the natural environment allowing practical advice and guaranting sustainable stewardship grants and funding information.hypertext transfer protocol //www.naturalengland.org.uk/grantsfunding/findagrant/default.aspxBenefits on environmentFigure 13 Tormentil ( Potentilla erecta ) is the exclusive pollen beginning for the Oligolectic bee ( Andrena tarsata ) which requires adequate flowers to last.The Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust with experience of preservation croping maintain that it is good as farm living organism consume immature manoeuvres supplying un wooded countries for high-minded species droppings available for insects stalwart strains digest unsmooth industrial plant and churn up land for wildflower seeds to colonize and insects to burrow17/22.An independent study of UK cattle-grazed forests ( FAQs ) guides that croping supports nature preservation and enhances biodiversity as low assiduity graze reduces dominant workss and Pteridium esculentum, and creates transmutation niches for a wider assortment of flora, invertebrates and birds. The study revealed that at 83 % of sites the aims of croping were fulfilled, and where this was non the instance it was attributable to opposed carrying densenesss or presence of other big herbivores4.These indorsements and studies reflect experience of croping across a scope of family line grounds by a assortment of administrations, and indicate that appropriate graze flowerpot be adapted to accommodate most state of affairss. The tabular array below gives a favorable contemplation of croping in comparing with other direction options5.Case surveies and adviceThe undermentioned instance surveies and croping administrations have been selected as they address different issues and show the potency of preservation graze as an environmentally sustainable option.Hook Common a local site grazed by common mans prompt beings. Fencing restored with Gatess to protect entree. Horse riders, ramblers and locals consulted during implementation22.Sheffield Wildlife Trust similar contention environing the recreational impact. Grazing was successfully introduced under the undermentioned guidelines no bulls or cattles with calves Canis familiariss and Equus caballuss introduced to cattle offsite information about the principle tail end graze independent imp act and hazard approximations. The populace appreciated the presence of cowss and the nexus to farming23.Petersham Meadows ( National Trust ) large-minded scope croping herd popular with locals and defend by the Petersham Trust. Moveable electric fence installed but opposed beca make use of of the ocular impact, uneven graze and as no old struggles experienced24-25.Hazeley Heath similar home ground and SSSI position. A feasibleness survey suggests croping as the preferable option and covers the wildlife impact, croping government, entree issues and public perceptions5.Wessex Conservation Grazing manage a scope of sites and supply a sustainable graze government to run into wildlife preservation aims and regulations26.Forestry Commission Scotland Woodland Grazing Toolbox advice and information on optimal degree of croping to enhance biodiversity and safeguard cultural heritage21.Dartmoor Pony Heritage Trust provides judgment, monitoring, preparation and conform to ponies for p reservation graze. Tor View Moor is an illustration of the immediate impact and advancement of flora structure27-28.Croping Animals Undertaking aids croping directors with sustainable land direction systems and bringing of biodiversity targets29.DecisionSupport for preservation graze appears to be chiefly from preservation bureaus and associated administrations and the benefits argon obliging. However, many factors including unsuitable fence, entree issues, hazards from farm animal and intuitions of outside intercession atomic number 50 take away from the virtues of croping. Consideration of preservation croping hence requires dialogue of the associated environmental, societal and political issues to achieve preservation and recreational aims.Successful graze undertakings elsewhere indicate that preservation graze is a feasible option in many state of affairss and can be adapted as site specific solutions. Further mental testings at Odiham Common alongside professional aid, ongoi ng appraisal, participatory direction procedures and job resolution are pre-requisites to measure and re-introduce preservation graze in this country.Consultation and communicatingCommunication and audience rules would save execution of preservation graze to prosecute and include the public in treatment, intend and execution. Liaison with croping direction administrations is recommended on appropriate graze governments to run into aims, ha checkat suitableness and turn toing struggles of involvement and objections30.The Council s purposes of informing the local community done meetings, newssheets, consultative and friends groups would be valuable for all parties, every bit good as involvement yearss and encouraging local voluntary involvement7/30.Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs )What is the significance of SSSI position?Sites of grouchy Scientific Interest preserve valuable wildlife and geological sites and supply legal protection. Natural England notify, buttocks and superv ise the status of sites. SSSIs provide cultural, modulating and purveying ecosystem services37-38.Back The home ground of Odiham Common hypertext transfer protocol //www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/ particular/sssi/ great power.cfmWhat information does the Survey of Cattle-Grazed Woodlands supply?The study was conducted at 105 sites by site directors and visits and covered intent of graze, carrying governments and seasons, strains, cowss behaviour, tree regeneration, croping force per unit area, shoping penchants and flora. Reasons for graze nature preservation or agribusiness production with the differences due to set down ownership4.AdministrationThe Common has been recorded as a common grazing land since 1280 and registered as common land since 193612. The freehold of the Common passed to the Council s predecessor in 19452.Common rights are registered under the Commons modification Regulations 1968 and include proviso for graze, with regular graze by common mans farm animal u ntil the mid twentieth century7/12.The Commons Act 2006 aims for more sustainable direction by common mans and landowners12. The Secretary of State and local authorization have responsibility to farther preservation and enhancement2.Croping tests and applications1998 Application by Hart District Council for harmonize to fence northeast country for croping for a 5 year experimental period granted. It was dumbly wooded but parts were cleared by coppicing and felling2/7.1998 Council entered into a Country Stewardship Agreement implementing an sanctioned direction program with grants for fence, coppicing and croping endorsed by English Nature2.1999-2000 Grazing by ponies and farm animal with electric fencing around the grey hayfield and forest graze by cowss during early summer4. Due to high rainfall and pes and oral cavity disease, the full ecological benefits non realised. The inspector s appraisal was that the experimental period was excessively short2.2002-2003 Hart District Cou ncil applied for consent to fence the common on a invariable footing to ease grazing7. An enquiry rejected the application for damaging consequence on visual aspect and entree and inconclusive benefit to nature preservation. Extension of period for pro tempore fence advised2/12.Croping indorsementsHampshire and Isle of Wight Trust graze provides a mosaic of flora growing and structural diversity17. With experience in pull offing wood grazing lands they consider that rare home ground saving is dependent upon grazing2.National Trust graze indispensable and the lone option that will reinstate and sustainably keep wood grazing land and cultural graze heritage. Hay cropping requires wake croping to keep biological diversity18-19.RSPB recommend low strength graze for heathland with rare genteelness birds, and back it for most cases5.Royal Agricultural Society of England croping a cost effectual, natural and efficient direction system for biodiversity preservation, and farm animal can a dd to the populace s grasp of a site20.Forestry Commission Scotland graze improves woodland regeneration, biodiversity and cultural heritage21.Stakeholders who are non to the full supportive conclude that betterment is necessary and suggest croping tests on little areas19.Expostulations to preservation grazeThose opposing croping include locals, Equus caballus riders, Canis familiaris Walkers, Odiham Parish Council. Odiham Common Preservation Society and occupants associations2. Reasons for resistance include tree head cut downing home grounds, of import trees and the noise barrier to busy roads2. Cattle are deemed to be a menace to Walkers, Canis familiariss and roadway users and do rutting of waies and marshy ground2. There is more resistance to fencing than croping as it restricts public rights of manner and entree to woodland and split meadows19. Fencing has besides been considered a move towards managed and de-registered common2. It is claimed that historical graze was non t hat extended the Common was good run before the SSSI imposed the experimental strategy insufficient and fiscal motive a factor in its reintroduction2. Alternate options are besides available such as hay meadows2.EvidenceThe Inspector s Report ( 2003 ) rejected the application for lasting fence as no baseline ecological study conducted prior to croping, no grounds of old croping being a success, entree troubles, over-felling, waterlogged land ( H2O tabular array rise due to removal of trees ) and harm to trails2. Those opposed to croping on the Common refer to debasement and struggle between animate beings and prosaic entree at other local sites ( Bastley Heath, North Warnborough ) 18. These issues are of import and must be taken into consideration for future tests or reintroduction.PreparationAn appraisal of site conditions, public usage, rights of manner and suited stock are the first phases of execution. Before a grazing test or lasting reintroduction commences, a croping test license must be obtained and permission granted for fencing common land from the Secretary of State for the Environment. Whilst lasting margin fence and shepherding provide free scope graze and assistance handiness, impermanent fence is more appropriate and acceptable for this site10. Liability insurance is required31 and funding available from the English Nature Wildlife sweetening Scheme and Countryside Stewardship Scheme5.ExecutionSuccessful execution requires adept counsel to fit strains with home ground demands and preservation objectives32. Hardy strains of farm animal ( Exmoor ponies or Galloway cowss ) at low denseness for the forest, and cowss, ponies or sheep for the hayfields are recommended in the Council s bill of exchange plan10. The consideration of continuance and timing33 of croping to accommodate the stock and flora and monitoring and motion of stock destiny to forestall overgrazing34.Croping force per unit area and carrying denseness should be less for nature pr eservation state of affairss and higher for scrub control and bar of regeneration as tree regeneration and sapling denseness diminution with increased grazing4. Initial clearance of forest in readying for farm animal and rotational beautify virulent of forest borders for wildlife re-colonisation is advisable13.To understate struggles between stock and worlds, Canis familiariss and Equus caballuss, the off-site preparation of stock and instruction to cover with contact with animate beings can be implemented23/35. Information on preservation graze, entree paths and exigency contact and electric fence marks are public consciousness requirements35. The continual appraisal of impacts and ecological recording with possible voluntary aid is critical to supervise attainment of marks.OptionsAt times croping may take away from other biodiversity aims ( e.g. seedling regeneration ) or turn out unsuitable for the conditions36. Other options such as mowing and mechanical clearance may be prefe rred or at least until farther tests are conducted.DrumheadThe undertaking covers the environmental direction options for Odiham Common concentrating on the possible reintroduction of preservation graze. The site contains rare home grounds and species and is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest presently at risk1. The Common is capable to ordinances that involve a responsibility to farther preservation enhancement2, and historical administration and graze tests lay the foundations for future determinations. There are struggles over entree rights which undermine recreational precedences that need to be addressed in croping programs.Benefits of preservation grazeConservation graze is the resurgence of a conventional land direction method which conserves and enhances biodiversity to counter the loss of home grounds and species caused by intensification of agriculture3. A assortment of preservation and associated administrations endorse graze and these sentiments are substa ntiated by local and national surveies.Resistance and challengesLocal expostulation to croping on the Common consists of resistance to fence, loss of trees, menaces from cowss, direction rights and the result of recent croping trials2.Management options and instance surveiesCase surveies and counsel from croping administrations plant the possible benefits for preservation in different contexts and cover public entree, fencing issues, croping schemes and public perceptual experiences. Surveies at other croping sites reveal that preservation aims are bring home the bacon and croping comparisons favorably to other direction options4-5. Successful reintroduction requires a participatory procedure of audience and communicating in add-on to readying and practical execution locomote suited to cultural and preservation aims. In decision, the feasibleness of successful preservation croping solutions is dependent upon monitoring, tests and run intoing legitimate concerns with feasible solu tions.DiversionOdiham Common has multiple recreational chances including channelise walks, drives, walking, cultural and historical involvement such as the Hunting Lodge, a picturesque lake and wildlife. Proposed hereafter usage includes orienteering, usage by young person groups and older people, and improved environmental instruction initiatives7. The preservation croping scheme demands to be appropriate for the hereafter usage of the site so that it remains accessible and balances wildlife precedences with diversion and instruction.The home ground of Odiham CommonOdiham Common is located in North Hampshire s Lowland Heath Character Area consisting wood grazing land and meadows12. It is one of the some illustrations of wood grazing land outside the New Forest and a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) ( FAQs ) hosting rare vegetations and zoologies including ancient forest index species1.A recent entomological study reveals that much of the forest is badly overgrown. The decrease in canopy screen from storm harm and tree clearance without croping leads to development of birch undercover at the disbursal of more desirable forest land vegetations and zoologies which is restricted by deficiency of light13.The SSSI position of the wood grazing land ( Unit 2 ) is unfavourable retrieving with deficit of unfastened infinite and structural diverseness, veteran trees under force per unit area from environing trees, and lessening in species diversity14-15. A suited graze and cutting government to better this status is recommended16.The Common s southern hayfields have historically been grazed, although non for many old ages asunder from recent tests. Without a suited signifier of direction, coarser grasses, brambles, chaparral and trees dominate taking to the loss of flower, insect and bird diverseness. Natural England urge wake croping following cutting in late summer/autumn7/16.The Council, as site proprietor, has a responsibility to farther preservation and sweetening of vegetations, zoologies and geological features2.The undertaking issueConservation graze is a traditional signifier of direction sing a resurgence as a sustainable method of conserving and bettering biodiversity. It is promoted by administrations such as Natural England but can be perceived as a agency of enforcing their ain aims without sufficient consideration of local precedences, habitat suitableness and entree.The direction of Odiham Common has been raised in Odiham Society newssheets with mention to the Council s Management Plan, its recreational and preservation demands and the combative issue of the reintroduction of grazing6-7.The undertaking intent is to turn to the preservation benefits and unfavorable judgments of croping for Odiham Common. It will use instance surveies, studies and direction methods provided by croping specializers to measure the usage of preservation graze as a sustainable method of heightening home ground and biodiversity.The issue e ncompasses a scope of environmental concerns including preservation, biodiversity, land direction, ecosystem equilibrium, administration, sustainability and the societal dimensions of environmentalWhat is preservation croping?Historical graze has been instrumental in the development of semi-natural habitats8. Traditional signifiers of agribusiness have produced ecosystems naughty in biodiversity with complex interactions between croping animate being and works life nevertheless, modern intensive agriculture has reduced this variety3. Conservation graze is a method of grassland and wood grazing land direction, leting rarer workss, invertebrates, little mammals and birds to diversify8.Mechanical methods of land direction clearance can be excessively drastic, cut downing the handiness of suited home ground to enable wildlife to go on to boom. For illustration, hay hayfields that are cut support fewer insects compared with grazed grazing lands which give all twelvemonth unit of ammuni tion flowering9. Grazing is environmentally sustainable as it reduces the demand for mechanical clearance of scrub10. Conservation croping enables species to re-establish as flora is removed more bit by bit. It promotes species-rich home grounds and maintains biodiversity, construction and composing every bit good as openness and entree by stamp downing cutting grasses and woody plants11. Cattle treading the forest or hayfield land create niches enabling seeds to germinate11.

The Sundale Clubs

The Sundale Club I. Problems A. Macro 1. Division within organization receivable to poor relationships among personnel. 2. Lack of leadership and direction within organization. B. Micro 1. Johnsons (reputed) behavior. 2. Loss of members. 3. Chain-of-command difficulties Frank Havens unable to talk to boss, curtsey Watts uninterested in problem. 4. unretentive staff morale treatment of Pat indicates problem. II. Causes 1. No recognition/follow-through for staff. Pat overlooked for promotion. 2.Personal relationship between Chuck Johnson and Ted Ellis detracts from goals of organization and from staff morale. 3. Bobs upcoming retirement detracts from interest in problems. III. Systems affected 1. Structural personal relationships and directors lack of interest hurt chain-of-command effectiveness. 2. Psychosocial low morale within staff due to favoritism, disinterest, loss of membership, lack of direction of system. 3. Technical none apparent. 4. Managerial organizations purpose and source of money undermined by personal interests and lack of direction.Managers who had authority, such as Bob Watts, are unwilling to take action. 5. Goals and values on that point is no sense organization goals among management or staff despite declining membership. Staff and even some managers are increasingly interested in protecting their jobs or finding another job elsewhere. Consequently, there is little concern for providing service to the membership. IV. Alternatives 1. Leave as is. 2. Let Bob Watts retire explain problem to new director. 3. Unite staff (as Carol has started) allow in meeting with new director/board. 4.Carol Happ hire OD practitioner to intervene and unite staff, but this will be difficult as Watts seems to be coasting until retirement. V. Recommendations Realistically, not much can happen until Bob Watts retires. Before Watts retires, some of the staff could unite under the leadership of Carol Happ and meet with Bob. But this has distinct risks, p articularly for any staff under Ted Ellis. Approach Watts from viewpoint of helping increase memberships and how unity, etc. , is needed for this to occur. If Happ and the staff can gain Watts support, hire an immaterial OD practitioner.

Unappropriate Tv Shows for Children

Unappropriate Television Shows Abstract Children argon macrocosm influenced by telecasting shows on a daily basis. Some babyren argon watching inappropriate idiot box shows much(prenominal)(prenominal) as SpongeBob, Fish Hooks, Family Guy, S step uph Park, Ed, Edd, Eddy, Scooby-Doo, boondocks and etc. These shows can happen upon youngsterren as they catch up in legion(predicate) shipway such as using profanity, violent and pugnacious behavior, poor school performance and watch too lots television may cause a sparse obesity. There are galore(postnominal) educational television shows that are best for child to watch such as Barney, Blues Clue, Dora the Explorer and etc.Parent should excessively limit the amount of time children spend watching television. Monkey see, Monkey do Has your child ever said some thing to you and you were thinking, where did they get that from? Have the television shows that he or she watches daily ever come to your mind? Your child could be watching a television show that models inappropriate behaviors. I have experient my nephew being influenced by SpongeBob and Family Guy. Recently, he was watching an chronological succession and SpongeBob was calling himself and e genuinely(prenominal)body an idiot boy, so my nephew began to call his mother and himself an idiot.He a ilk first geared hitting himself on the forehead and saying he is stupid, which he also got from watching SpongeBob Square Pants. Research shows that children of the senesce two through ten should be playing sports, interacting with their peers or doing more gross motor activities. There are many ways television can collide with children as they grow up such as watching television and video game that may influence kids between the age of two through ten by using profanity, violent and rough behavior, poor school performance and watch too untold television may cause a slight obesity.Its not so much that kids have changed, but the world is changi ng around them. Every day, children are being influenced by the world around them, and television is taking a forged part in it. Television programming is teaching children to do the things the show is displaying. A known saying is Monkey see monkey do. Suppose a child was saying inappropriate things and they were thinking it was fine to say it, because they didnt know the real meaning of it. They also think they can say it because SpongeBob can.Now, you are left with no reason to tell them why they should not say it. The television shows that children are watching are influencing them to do the things they do, say the things they are saying, and endeavour to have the same image as them. There are many different sources that can influence and or teach kids inappropriate actions such as video games, music videos, hearing things from adults but mainly television shows. Some television shows that are not appropriate are SpongeBob, Fish Hooks, Family Guy, South Park, Ed, Edd, Eddy, S cooby-Doo, Boondocks and etc.Parents may think that SpongeBob can be the best television show to watch, but at times SpongeBob can be inappropriate in many ways such as calling everyone an idiot, doing a wrong action by hitting his forehead calling his self stupid, and blanking out profanity. Also, Scooby Doo sometimes may scare children by having scary creature and monsters. Some television characters often depict risky behaviors such as drinking, smoking, and reinforce gender roles and racial stereotypes (How TV Affect Your Child).Most of these shows are mainly for diversion and not for education so while kids are watching television they are beneficial express emotion when they really should be running to tell someone what they have learned while watching the show. There are a lot of educational shows on television that teaches kids valuable skills, such as their alphabet, and also counting. Those shows include Dora the Explorer, The Wiggles, Barney, Blues Clues, Sesame Street , Go Diego Go are extremely helpful in many ways. Barney is a very great show to watch.It is a show that teaches kids to show respect to an adult and it also teaches you to have manners. Blues Clues is also a great source because they teach kids to identify patterns and the opposites from two objects. Television shows have a powerful impact on young viewers in our society. When does it all start? More than 98 percent of homes in America have at least one television, and 25 percent of all households procure a new model each year, according to the Consumer Electronics Association (Television can harm children literally).Some children were sat in front of the television to get their attention, sometime to radiate asleep, to calm down or stop them from crying. Parents usually sit babies in front of the television so they can finish home chores. Parents may start having them watch television at the age of eight to ten months. Normally, on that point is not an affect or impact on babie s. As they start to grow elderly and also smarter young children of one to three years of age start to love to watch television show. Also, television starts to become a childs daily routine and they start to have a popular television show and character.As they get to be the age of five to seven and are enrolled in some schooling and they start to watch every television show and they start to want every item or merchandise with their favorite television show or characters. From the age of eight to ten, their television shows starts to become a lot more inappropriate and they no longer watch SpongeBob, Family Guy, or South Park. They may start to play video games which may also influence bad images and language. Our youth are also exposed to violent words, music, and images every day and it should be stopped. But how? How is at that place such a big impact on them just because of watching television?Television can affect learning and school performance if it interferes with the ti me kids need for activities crucial to healthy mental and physical development. Some shows (SpongeBob) teaches that it is fine to commit an inappropriate action because there will not be a punishment and kids feel that if they do the same thing as their favorite character from the program who committed the annoyance they will be a hero. Researchers have identified three potential responses to media violence in children increase fear, desensitization to real life violence, and increase aggressive behavior.It may desensitve kids so much they think it is okay and no big deal for somebody to be hit or to hit someone in the head with a hammer. Kids who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior, but also fear that the world is scary and that effortless something bad will happen. Scary-looking things like grotesque monsters especially frighten children aged two to seven. Telling them that the images arent real does not help because kids under age eight cant incessant ly tell the difference between fantasy and reality (Television and Children).When watching a television shows usually every episode has a bad situation or a lot of drama in it so kids will start to have that mind frame that things will happen to them just like on the show. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that kids under two years old not watch any television and that those older than two watch no more than one to two hours a day of quality (How TV Affect Your Child). Children who watch too much television dont get as much physical activity and do not explore new activity, according to Family Education Network.Television backwash has been linked to violent or aggressive behavior, sleep problems, substance abuse, poor school performance, and obesity (How TV Affect Your Child). Most children who watch the inappropriate shows are most likely to hit their playmates and argue. This issue of violent which media have the greatest impact on many people only on television many children today may be more influences by video games and computers games. There are many things invokes can do for their child to help them do thoroughly in school and also not be addicted to television.Children that is too young to enroll into preschool yet spend a lot of time out of the day watching television, playing outside, or sleeping. While watching television, they should watch educational shows that may broaden their fellowship to be ready for preschool. Some educational television shows can be very helpful in many ways. Some programs combine entertainment and education to help children learn to identify characters, shapes, colors, term numbers, and phonics skills. Active parents should set limits, participate, monitor, analyze, and be good leaders.Parents can set many of limits in the childs life but when watching television it is very good to set limits on how long they can watch television and what shows they can watch. Some parents do not always participate w ith their children. When a child is watching television, the parents should watch the show with them, sing alone, and interact with the show. Parents should always monitor what their child is watching. Before you allow your child to watch a show the parent should watch a couple episode of the show and give it an approval. Every child looks up to their parents and to do or be just like them.Parents should always watch what they say or do because your child could be over listening to what you are saying and do or say that same thing that they heard their parents displaying. Parents should ask their children what are they watching and what the show is about. When your child is studying or having family meals and are not paying attention it is best to turn the television off. As much as possible encourage your kids to be involved in hobbies, sports, and peers with proper guidance, your child can learn to use television in a healthy and positive way.TV viewing is probably replacing activ ities in your childs s life that you would rather have them do things such as playing with friends, being physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing homework, doing chores (Television and Children). Television is not always a negative influence to young viewers, there is strong evidence that childrens shows that were developed to teach educational and social skills which can help children learn well.Educational shows will expand a child knowledge but not only are they getting entertainment but they are learning their numbers, recognizing letters, and valuable skills. Sometime it is good to get some entertainment when watching television. What a child learns during his young years may affect his childhood and their older years. There are many ways such as watching television, video game, hearing what other adults may say that may influence kids bat the age of two through ten by television programming. Young children are easily influenced by the media. Children will soon find a favorite character then start to look up to them as a hero or a role model. If that character is displaying an inappropriate behavior the child will soon imitate the character action. The goal is to entertain young children active, in shape, and to have great school performance. Works Cited Anonymous. An annotated bibliography Television can harm children Literally. The Consumers Medical Journal Issue 94 (2006) 15. Points of debate Reference nubble. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . The article give statics, give advice from Pediatricians on what parents should do when children love to always watch TV. Pediatricians at the at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas reviewed a years worth of emergency department cases of children who had been injured by TV sets toppling over, usually because of a climbing toddler or because someone accidentally knocked over the set.More than 98 percent of homes in America have at least one television, and 25 pe rcent of all households obtain a new model each year, according to the Consumer Electronics Association. Adults need to be better educated about televisions potential harm, not just the content or programming but the physical danger of falling sets. Boyse, Kyla, and Brad Bushman. Television and Children. University of Michigan Health System. Regents of the University of Michigan, Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. .The article examines the effect of children when watching too much TV. It explains how it affects your childs brain development, the aggressive and violent behavior. It also show how TV can scare children, affect they school performance, and affect their health. TV viewing is probably replacing activities in your childs s life that you would rather have them do (things like playing with friends, being physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing homework, doing chores. An average American child will see 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders o n TV by age 18.Scary-looking things like grotesque monsters especially frighten children aged two to seven. Telling them that the images arent real does not help because kids under age eight cant always tell the difference between fantasy and reality. Dowshen, Steven. How TV Affect Your Child. KidsHealth. The Nemour Foundation, Oct. 2011. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. . The article discusses how you child is being influenced by television. This article gives parent advice on how parents should control who they view on TV and how long they should watch TV.Some TV shows a lot of violence, risky behavior, obesity, and the article also give some ways to practice good TV habits. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that kids under 2 years old not watch any TV and that those older than 2 watch no more than 1 to 2 hours a day of quality programming. Fields-Meyers, T, et al. Kids out of Control. Points of View Reference Center. EBSCO, 2004. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. This article gives breed ing on what different family how experience well raising a child who loves watching inappropriate television shows.

Is the Classical Approach to Management Obsolete? Essay

This taste argues the validity of the unstained approach to precaution today. We keisternot deny that businesses and organisations lead evolved and changed a lot since the classical theorists, which run across from the early twentieth century, but yet the main ideas most management that they gave to society are mum sustainable today. The classical organisation theory represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. (Walonick,1993). Classical theorists suggested a one best way to organise and manage, which is called structural universalism (Organisational Behaviour). These theorists were authentically concerned about the formal processes wrong the business, they put emphasis on rationality and on the lack of consideration for human aspects. This doesnt guess that the classics were heartless, but they cared more about the organisation as a whole than on the employers themselves. (Boland, 2012).By classical theorists in this hea r we are going to base in one of the most significant representatives, Henri Fayol, who state that there were five main elements of management planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Fayol, 1949). Thus, these functions are commonly known as the elements or processes that the classical theorists say that management is about. Another classical perspective useful in this essay would be the Taylors one, who can be defined as the father of the scientific management (F.W. Taylor, 1917), which was about finding the one best way to perform each task, carefully matching each proletarian to each task, closely supervise workers, using reward and punishment as motivators, and, finally, he referred to the task of management as planning and controlling.Even though this classical perspective has been very criticised by many authors (Mintzberg, Kotter, Stewart, etc.), the reasons that they have given to invalidate that classical perspective arent really coherent because th ey dont certainly provide a different idea of how to manage or how do the managers act. It is true that in his clause (Mintzberg, 1975), Mintzberg categorises managerial activities into three different groups interpersonal, informational and decisional- but at the end he doesnt really contradicts what Fayol said. In fact, as M.J. Fells argued in his member (Fayol stands the test of time) Mintzberg tends to confirm rather than deny the classical views.Therefore, having explained the classics and the contemporaneous views of management, we can confirm that the real and basic statements are the ones given by the first ones. Furthermore, if this idea doesnt really convince the reader, Fayol said that there was no limit on the number of management principles and that they should be negotiable and adaptable to any need (Fells, 2000), so that makes his definition even more general and suitable as time goes by.Thus, to sum up and in accordance to everything explained above, the reflexion m ade by Fells in his article Fayol stands the test of life fits quite well to conclude this essayFayols principles may indeed be relevant today and should not be ignored until they have been superseded or refutedSo as they harbort actually been superseded nor even refuted we can continue trusting them.ReferencesBoland, A. (2012, October). Introduction to Management and Organisations. Lecture 3 The classical theorists.Brooks, I., (2009), Organisational Behaviour Individuals, Groups and the Organisation 4th Edition. London, FT Prentice-Hall.Fayol, H, (1949) General and industrial management. (C. Storrs, Trans,), London, England PitmanFells, M.J (2000). Fayol stands the test of time, diary of Management History, vol. 6, No.8, pp. 345-360Mintzberg, H. (1975). The Managers Job Folklore and Fact. Harvard Business Review , pp. 49-61.Taylor, F. W. 1917. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York Harper.Walonick, D.S., (1993), Organizational possibility and Behaviour.

My Dream Job Essay

What is a forged political boss or manager? We each develop had rough good managers and some bad managers. In most cases people dont care too much for their boss. One of the biggest characteristics flaws in a measly manager is unfortunate communications skills. They possess little to no listening skills and dont seek out advice or suggestions from their employees. When a big decision of necessity to be made they commonly exculpate the decision on their own with little input from their subordinates. Another characteristic of a poor boss is a angiotensin converting enzyme who is afraid of confrontation.In management, I suppose that some(prenominal) metre on that point is an issue, the boss should not be afraid to address it. Some employees will soak up advantage and mislay respect for their boss if that happens. I call those typewrites of managers buddy bosses, which is not a good thing their call for to be a healthy balance. Bosses should be nice most of the time ye t they also collects to be firm when the time calls for it. Good management skills dont always come naturally. Managers hit to continue to contribute ongoing training on leadership skills scantily like the workers need to claim ongoing training on the jobs.In management it is hard to please ein truthone in fact, if eitherone is halcyon with you all the time you are probably a buddy boss. on that point will always come a time when you are going to make water to say no to someones request. I believe that sometimes bad employees force a boss to become much firm most of with the employees. There are several types of bosses that I would consider bad. The first one is called an incompetent boss. They really dont know the job and rely on the employees knowledge to get them through. When an issue occurs, they are no befriend at all. When an incompetent boss tries to help, they often make the situation worse.The second type of poor boss is a unchangeable leader. This is someone who does not like change and is unwilling to do what it takes to make the team more than effective. This person doesnt listen to the advice of the team, eve when they might tell them something that might help a process run smoother. The next type of poor leader I would call the abuser of power. They are people that get into leadership and use their power for personal gain. An example of this would be a boss that leaves early for the day all the time to take care of their personal business.The next type of poor leader is a leader that cant be trusted. This is someone who employees dont trust with information that can be used against them. When they curb a problem the dont intuitive feeling comfortable talking to their leader in fear that they will tell someone else or use it against them in the future. They cant tell them how they really feel. There is always going to be corrupt people in the world but when a leader is corrupt in any organization it breeds more corruption. There are some leaders that are down rite evil.They may have had a hard life and just dont like to see others happy so they always hazard a reason to be upset and not satisfied with anything that is through with(p) within their department. Manager that operate in this manor normally dont last huge in leadership because there would make their employees unhappy and we all know that an unhappy employee wont be a good producer. There ways to improve a bad boss if they extremity to improve. One way to do that is to make sure that middle level supervisors and managers have the support they need from upper management. I believe that leadership training should be an ongoing thing.I feel that in every organization there should be a hotline that employees can call to give feedback on how they feel their leadership is going. Once that feedback is collected it should be used as a training tool. Listening to the employees and responding to their of necessity and wants is in my opinion, the most e ffective way to go. During the hiring process employers should make sure that the leader they has the characteristic of a good leader. No one wants a bossy dictator as a boss. I have been in the workforce for over ten years and in that time I have had more good managers than bad.I think that is because it all comes down to respecting a person and there position. There have been times when my coworker s has come to me complaining about our boss. What I have found is that most of the time it not the boss at all its the employee view of their boss. Most people who dont like their boss dont like their job. I believe that if a person doesnt like their job there is a likely chance they dont like their boss because that the boss is only there to enforce the rules and doesnt care employees personal feeling.In some cases they are right. The next time you are trying to determine if you have a good leader look for key traits. One key trait of a good boss is vision. Do they have a vision for th e department that they will be managing? What is that vision? Does the vision line up with the companies legation statement? Ask yourself these questions. The next trait you should look for is wisdom. What useful knowledge can this person pay off to the organization? Good leaders are strategic, wise and perceptive. The next question you should ask yourself about your boss is if he people are they passionate about what he or she does? Good bosses are very passionate people. They operate with such a high level of passion that they get consumed in it. They take action Good leaders are determined to attain their goals. They know that the journey reaching their savoir-faire can be filled with problems. However, they are persistent people and are willing to put in the long hour and hard work to ensure that their goal is meet. Good leaders mean what they say. They have integrity.Theyre individuals who keep their guarantees and they do not play the old political games that plenty of othe rs do. People find them reliable and as such are dedicated to them. Not all good bosses carry every single trait. They might be strong in some areas and lacking in others. But just remember, it isnt about being perfect, but understanding that bosses are human too no one is perfect. Make an effort to try and get to know your boss and be a little more understanding about what they might be challenged with in their day to day duties.

As/Ad Model

Macropolitical economic system Chapter 10 The Aggregate read/Aggregate Supply pose * Keynesian Economics Economists who center onsed on the scant(p) ply * bottom Maynard Keynes their bearing advocate the originator of macroeconomics as a separate discipline from micro * Classical Economists economists who focused on long-run issues such as growth * Aggregate postulate Management governments attempt to control the amass aim of spending in the parsimony * Equilibrium Income the aim of income toward which the economic system gravitates in the short run because of the cumulative cycles of declining or increasing production * Potential Income the birth of income that the economy is technically capable of producing without generating accelerating inflation * Paradox of Thrift and increase in savings can lead to a decrease in expenditures, decreasing end product and causing a recession * Multiplier Model the model that was meant to capture Keynesian economics * Thi s model emphasized aggregate siding fluctuations * Explored why those output fluctuations generally would not lead to wild fluctuations in output drop-offs * Instead lead to smaller fluctuations recessions * The AS/AD Model aggregate affix/aggregate conduct Is a pedagogical model intentional to give a framework to organize thinking about macro economy * Does not focus on problems that occur because of interactions between individuals * Consists of 3 crooks * Short-run aggregate supply (SAS) curve * Aggregate beseech (AD) curve * Long-run aggregate supply (LAS) curve gameyest sustainable level of output * The damage level of all goods is on the vertical axis and the aggregate output is on the horizontal axis * It is a historical model starts at one point in time and says what exit likely conk when diversenesss affect the economy * Aggregate expenditures (demand) the sum of role, investment, government spending, and net exports p. 234 * Discuss the historical deve lopment of macroeconomics * The depression began in the 1930s and lasted 10 years * During he depression output fell by 30% and unemployment rose to 25% * This was the beginning of macros focus on the demand side of economics * Keynes started asking what short run forces were causing the Depression and what society could do to counteract them * This created the framework that focuses on short-run issues such as business cycles and how to stabilize output fluctuations * By the 1950s, Keynesian economics had been true by most economists and taught almost everywhere in the US * In the 1970s inflation became a serious issue which meant that the multiplier model was not very helpful * It assumed that the price level is fixed * The standard model taught in macro then turned to the Aggregate Supply/Aggregate Demand (AS/AD) model * Explain the shape to the aggregate demand curve and what factors trade the curve * Aggregate demand (AD) curve a curve that shows how a switch in price leve l will change aggregate expenditures on all goods and services * It is downward-sloping The reasons for the downward slope are due to the * vex rate effect the effect that a lower price level has on investment expenditures by means of the effect that a change in the price level has on interest rates p. 234 * world(prenominal) effect as the price level falls (assuming the exchange rate does not change), net exports will ride p. 234 * Money wealth effect (real balance effect) a fall in the price level will make the holders of money richer, so they buy more p. 234 * The multiplier effect strengthens each of these effects * Multiplier effect the amplification of initial changes in expenditures p. 235 * Shifts in the AD curve means that at every price level, total expenditures have changed p. 236 * Shift factors of aggregate demand Foreign Income recessions and expansions occurring in different countries cause demand for US goods decreases or increases respectively * Exc hange Rate Fluctuations when a countrys currency loses value, relative to foreign currencies, demand for foreign goods decreases and demand for domestic goods increases exports also increase * dispersion of income * Expectations expectations of future output and future prices * Government Policies spending policy, valuate policy, etc p. 238 * When consumption expenditures increase, the AD curve shifts to the responsibility, when consumption expenditures decrease, the AD curve shifts to the left * Explain the shape of the short-run aggregate supply curve and what factors shift the curve p. 39 * Short-run Aggregate Supply (SAS) curve a curve that specifies how a shift in the aggregate demand curve affects the price level and real output in the short run, other things constant * The curve is upward-sloping which means that other things constant, an increase in output is accompanied by an rise in price level * When aggregate demand increases, the price level rises * Two reason s that the SAS curve slopes upward, other things constant * Upward-sloping curves in auction markets * Firms tendency to increase their markup when demand increases * The shape of the SAS curve reflects two different types of markets * The auction market markets represented by the supply/demand model * Posted-price markets prices are roofy by the producers and change infrequently * Often called Quantity-adjusting Markets markets in which firms respond to changes in demand primarily by changing production instead of changing their prices * Shifts in the SAS curve p. 239 tacks in input prices, such as wages or supply costs * If input prices rise, the SAS curve shifts up, if input prices fall, the SAS curve shifts down * Change in the productivity factors of production * An increase in productivity shifts the curve down * A reducing of input costs per unit of output shifts the curve down * Changes in import prices of final goods * entailment prices are a shift factor because th ey are a component of an economys price level * When import prices rise the SAS curve shifts up * Changes in excise and sales tax * higher(prenominal) sales tax shifts the curve up * How much will the curve shift The percentage change in wages and other factor prices minus changes in productivity * If productivity rises by 3% and wages rise by 7%, we can expect that the price level will rise by 4% for a given level of output * Explain the shape of the long-run aggregate supply (LAS)curve p. 241 * Long-run aggregate supply (LAS)curve a curve that shows the long run relationship between output and the price level * The position of the LAS curve is determined by potential output * expert where to position the curve is somewhat in debate * The range is bounded by a high level of output and a low level of output and the LAS curve can be vox populi of as being the mid-point of that range * The shape of the LAS curve * The LAS curve is vertical At potential output all resources are bei ng fully utilized * A rise in the price level mean that the price of goods and factors of production, including wages, will rise * Show the effects of shifts of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves on the price level and output in both the short run and long run p. 243 * Short run equilibrium is where the SAS curve and the AD curve intersect * If the AD curve shifts to the right * footing level will rise * Output will increase * If the SAS curve shifts up * Price level will rise * Output will decrease * Long run equilibrium is where the LAS and AD curves intersect * AD curve can only determine price level, it has no effect on output * If the AD increases, price levels rise Explain how dynamic feedback effects can destabilize the economy p. 246 * * Discuss the limitations of the macro policy model p. 250 * Fiscal policy changing government spending and tax policy is a slow process * Changes cannot be completed in a timely make * Potential output cannot be measured a ccurately * Many other interrelationships that the model does not take into account * Rate of unemployment fluctuates and is difficult to predict * Falling asset prices and falling price level on expectations of aggregate demand * When there are pressures for price levels to fall there are also pressures for asset prices to fall

Evaluation of Sources Essay

Published in 2010, Dick Weissmans book Talkin twist a Revolution Music and Social Change in America focuses on music in America that dates back to the early 1900s, but incorporating key facts about(predicate) the music of the sixties. Weissman goes in depth about the different musicians that had an impact during the 1960s, and also talks about how the history of America and music were interrelated. Weissman states specifically how and wherefore historical events such as the Civil Rights Movement, the assassination of President Kennedy, and the rock and roll/hippie causa were all related to the changing music of the time.He paints a vivid picture with words that release the reader to understand the underlying themes of the music, as well as showing the view of the people of the time. The solitary(prenominal) limitation of this source is that Weissman does not include actual accounts of people he provides his own assumption of the modification in musical trends of the time.Davi d Shapiro, a rock journalist and drug counselor, wrote a book about the singing of drugs and music, Waiting For the Man The Story of Drugs and Popular Music, which was published in 1988, and contained an overview of specific drugs and the bands that used them. David Shapiro was alive during the 1960s which allows him to portray his view and to show the mentality of the bands and people of the time. Shapiros writing with the use of public thought includes a first-hand account of people and events during the 1960s. Even though the book lacks to incorporate the details of history were victorious place, there is detailed description of the types of music that were evolving due to their association with narcotics.

Flaws of the Hawthorne Effect Essay

Progress toward specified goals is fundamental to planned accomplishment. Measuring that progress is essential since it provides middling feedback for continued or corrective actions and cig artful help ascertain actual accomplishment. Beyond the simple judging of accomplishment is the evaluation of what that accomplishment truly means. Through proper evaluation, an accomplishments true value fanny be determined. Then, decisions about future actions tummy be made. Care must be taken, however, to eliminate pitfalls that could lead to incorrect conclusions and improper decisions.Lets begin with an example. A golf player attempts to have-to doe with a ball into a hole in as few strokes as possible. After each stroke, the golfer hopes, the ball will be nearer the hole, until (at last) on the final shot, the ball disappears with a satisfying go into the plastic cup liner. The goal has been met. But what does that mean? How well was the goal met? Was it met in exemplary personal manner or merely in a satisfactory manner? One card is the number of strokes required. take for granted another player is competing, scores can be compared in order to evaluate relative exercise. Without a norming score, however, goal science remains somewhat undefined in terms of take of achievement. Fortunately, golf has a norming scorepar-so even a single golfer can be evaluated versus expected issuances. Golf can be taught and played in several counsels. Which is the best method? How can wizard evaluate these methods? peradventure comparing the performance of those who adhere to each method will provide a relative mea indisputable of which is most productive.Evaluation of these results can help golfers and instructors make informed decisions about which method to employ. A send relationship exists between this example and resort program evaluation. A sanctuary program is individually metric using a variety of tools. These measures, such as injury frequency rates, ca n be utilise in comparison with normalized (or collection) measures to evaluate how a program is progressing toward a prescribed level of performance. Furthermore, program activities employ to cleanse performance can be evaluated by comparing various measures of those activities.Hence, the evaluation offset can be employ to make informed decisions about safety program loadiveness. Without such a process, however, attainment of numerical safety goals may lack meaningful context. Hopkins and Antes describe traditional uses of the results of educational measurement and evaluation. educational evaluation takes the output of measurement and other pertinent instruction to form judgments based on the information collected. These judgments are the basis for decisions about students as individuals, and decisions about the raiseiveness of school programs (Hopkins and Antes 34).They conclude, Improvement of the teachers teaching and the students pecking through judgments using avail able information is the ultimate feed of the evaluation process (Hopkins and Antes 31). Similar things can be said about evaluating safety program subjectiveness. That is, information collected about the various activities associated with a safety program should form the basis for decisions made to improve safety performance. Evaluation is based on information collected. Data collection can be achieved via legion(predicate) methods.Observation is one. Observations may be save or unrecorded. Unrecorded thoughtfulnesss are usually taken and construe quickly, may be acted on immediately or mentally noted for future use. However, mental bankers bill can cause loss or improper reconstruction of evaluation information (Hopkins and Antes 71). Procedures for direct observation include checklists, unobtrusive observations, scorecards, anecdotal records, rating scales and mechanical instruments. Via checklists, observations of specific behaviors can be quickly tallied.unobtrusive obser vations are conducted so that the worker does not know she is macrocosm observed, which can eliminate any pretend the observation process itself may have on behavior. Scorecards are similar to checklists, but apply a weighting scheme to the behaviors being observed. Anecdotal records are informal reports of observed behavior they may add up themselves to unwanted judgment and evaluation instead of simple recording of fact, however. Rating scales can be utilise to collect information about intensity or degree in relation to the observation (Hopkins and Antes 78-96).traditionally accepted, quantitative safety program metrics, such as accident and injury frequency rates, are intentional to measure specific achievement and gather data requested for evaluation. Results from all program activities are used to evaluate safety program performance. Bottom line Information-collection techniques must be designed to retain an justices personal biases from influencing how results are re corded or considered. FLAWS IN THE The following discussion examines potential pitfalls for the safety program jurist.Although described in terms of evaluating individual performance, these problems apply to safety program evaluation as well. The evaluator should not allow preconceived impressions of personnel or events (associated with a particular program, former(prenominal) performance or attainment of specific performance measures) to cloud objective judgment. Safety program evaluation takes cartridge holder and resources. Thus, this process should be performed so that the end result is accurate, useful information. The Halo center The Halo answer is one potential evaluation pitfall.According to Kirkpatrick, who describes the effect as it relates to the workplace and employee performance evaluation, the Halo Effect is a tendency to all overrate the person being observed. This concept can be applied to safety program evaluation as well. Kirkpatrick lists seven reasons why th is effect occurs.1. A persons past good performance leads one to expect continued good performance, and the assumption of good performance carries over to future evaluations (Effect of Past Record). 2. An evaluator tends to rate a person who is pleasing in personality and character, harmonic and otherwise compatible higher than performance may justify. . Recent outstanding behavior can brood much longer periods of lesser-quality performance (Effect of Recency). 4. A person with an asset deemed important by the observer, although it may be irrelevant, may receive a higherthan-justifiable rating. 5. A rater may overlook a bad or hateful trait if she also possesses that trait (Blind-Spot Effect). 6. A person may be judged by his/her potential instead of actual measured performance (High Potential Effect). 7. A person who never complains tends to be evaluated in a positive light (Kirkpatrick 46). The Hams EffectThe Horns Effect is the reverse of the Halo Effect in that evaluations te nd to be lower than deserved. Kirkpatrick offers eight causes for this effect. 1. The evaluator may have high expectations that are not easily met. 2. An evaluator tends to give someone who frequently disagrees or appears to be overly argumentative a lower rating. 3. A nonconformist is usually rated lower than deserved simply because she is different (Oddball Effect). 4. Poor group performance very much leads to lower evaluation of all group members, even if one member has outstanding individual performance. . slew are evaluated the same way as those whose company they keep (Guilt-By-Association Effect). 6. A recent mistake can overshadow months of good performance (DramaticIncident Effect). 7. An evaluator may associate some character trait (i. e. , aggressiveness, arrogance, passivity) with ugly performance and give a lower-than-justified rate to someone who has that trait (PersonalityTrait Effect). 8. An evaluator may give a lower-thanjustified rate to a person who performs a task differently than the evaluator would (Self-Comparison Effect).Controlling These EffectsKirkpatrick attributes these flaws to shady standards and maintains that effectively established standards of performance can reduce or eliminate their impact (Kirkpatrick 46-47). The information-gathering method and process also play central roles in eliminating these effects. As stated, anecdotal records that rely on memory can easily lead to inappropriate evaluation. Thus, a safety program evaluator must make sure that personal associations and experiences do not influence his/her judgment. Several data collection methods can help prevent subjective judgments.For example, the critical incident method is a three-step process that involves data collection, data summary and analysis, and feedback. demonstrable by J. C. Flanagan, this technique uses recorded observations of specific behaviors that are judged to be critical to good or ugly performance. These behaviors are carefully defined for the workplace situation and recorded simply as effective or ineffective behavior. Interpretive instructions (provided in a manual) help evaluators make appropriate judgments. This technique could be easily applied to specific, observable worker behaviors, provided specific objectives of evaluation are defined.Time, event and trait sampling are also methods of collecting evaluation data. Time sampling involves specifically timed observations that, over time, capacity be expected to provide a good representation of total performance. Event sampling is homogeneous Flanagans critical incident method in that events deemed to represent specific performance characteristics are recorded as they are observed. Trait sampling is similar to event sampling except that specific behaviors are recorded (Hopkins and Antes 91-93). Such techniques can help ensure collection of objective data.An evaluators intimacy of the various facets of the Halo and Horns effects can also help alleviate thes e problems. The evaluator must learn to ask whether either of these effects is influencing his/her judgment and make adjustments if necessary. An evaluator who uses objective data-collection techniques and consciously avoids making Halos/Horns judgments will produce more-accurate evaluations that, in turn, will lead to better decisions. Hopkins and Antes suggest teaching evaluators about these effects in order to improve objectivity.The Illumination Experiments In the 1920s, a group of engineers at Western Electric examined the effect of illumination on work performance. The researchers established an experiment room and a control room, controlled various conditions and introduced changes one at a time. Much to the engineers dismay, the results were confounding. No social function how illumination changed ( change magnitude or decreased), exertion improved in the experiment room. Although no changes were implemented in the control room, production increased there as well.These res ults indicated the need to record not only the details of the physical changes made, but also the physiological, medical and social changes occurring (Mayo 80). future(a) these experiments, Mayo initiated the Hawthorne Experiments, which were conducted in three phases communicate Assembly try out Room, Interviews and Bank outfit Observation Room. Relay Assembly Test Room In the Relay Assembly Test Room, various regimes of workday length, salary schemes, break length and scheduling, work week and return to non-experimental conditions were evaluated. In all cases, productivity increased from previous(prenominal) levels.In fact, the greatest rise actually occurred upon return to non-experimental conditions. Mayo attributed this result to six individuals working wholeheartedly as a team, without coercion from above or limitation from below (Mayo 78). Interviews In the Interviews phase, company officers move to learn things (possibly) missed during the previous experiments. Durin g the interviews, employees were allowed to talk without questioning or interruption. Some 20,000 employees were interviewed over several years. The result was a feeling of well-being among employees the interview process had been a sort of emotional release.It became clear that conference is valuable to employee well-being (Mayo 82). Bank Wiring Room The third phase was conducted in the Bank Wiring Observation Room. Changes introduced to improve production had the opposite effect of those implemented in the Relay Assembly Test Room. Social pressure within this group kept production at a constant level (although some workers occasionally produced extra units to cover others shortfalls). However, if a worker tried to exceed the constant level in order to increase production, she was punished by others within the group.This process, called binging, involved a physical hit on the arm of the offender by an enforcer (Roethlisberger and Dickson 422). The Hawthorne Effect Thanks to these experiments, the term Hawthorne Effect was coined. Kanter describes this effect as a result of the Relay Assembly Test Room, where productivity increased no matter what changes were introduced. In one experiment, a team of women workers was given a separate work area where their production would be measured period a variety of environmental conditions, such as lighting and sopor breaks, were varied.Productivity tended to increase regardless of the changes that were made to physical conditions. One conclusion was that being singled out to be in a high-visibility experiment was highly motivating in and of itself calling this the Hawthorne Effect was, in part, a way of dismissing the claims made by new human relations programs, arguing instead that any change involving some increased management attention and special treatment would have positive effects for a little while (Kanter 409).Kanter simplifies this explanation, saying it was delinquent to the excitement of getting involved and making an impact (Kanter 242). Controlling the Hawthorne Effect The key message is that, when evaluating a safety program, one must make sure the mere process of being evaluated is not the reason a measured characteristic changes from baseline measurements. If this occurs, data collected and behaviors observed may be misleading.Or, if, for example, several workers-are told they have been chosen to test a new safety-related process, will debut of the process itself lead to better performance, or will the workers be motivated to perform simply due to their participation in the experience? To minimize this effect, control groups should be established. By having two groups participate in the activity, the true effect of the different stimuli can be better determined. For example, Latham and Locke discussed an experiment through which a woodland products company attempted to examine the value of goalsetting as it relates to increased production.One work crew was selected to hand t oward specific production goals, while another crew, a control group, was told the experiment was designed to assess the effect of absenteeism on production (Latham and Locke 400-401). To control for the Hawthorne Effect, we made an equal number of visits to the control group and the training group (Latham and Locke 401). In other words, both groups received equal attention, so both had similar reason to be motivated by participation. Result Test group was more successful than control group.