A Model of Driving Tests Battery Validation

A Model of movement Tests Battery ValidationMARKUS SOMMER, GERNOT SCHUHFRIED, MIHAI ANIEI, MIHAELA CHRAIFAbstractDesigning a control test battery is the most secure counsel to predict the driver behavior beforeobtaining driver license. The objective is to design a psychological test battery to predict the impetuousbehavior of the potential drop drivers. The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, agebetween 18 and 45 years old (M=34.4, 4 S.D. =1.32), antithetical levels of education. The validitycriterion has been selected according the driving projections during driving on the road. Thus, the value ofthe test reveals the fact that the role model has a strong predictive value for the chosen criteria.Key words criteria, predictors, tachitoscopic test, determination test.1. INTRODUCTION low gear studies in simulated task environments have demonstraten that quite a largepart of the participants do not notice information that is not in consonance withtheir expectati ons or when they do notice the information repartees are delayed(Martens, 2004 Martens Fox, 2003). This negative side of getting familiar witha certain task environment ability be the result of not spending enough succession fixatingthe objects in the task environment. But this decrease in fixation times to objects inthe task environment once people get familiar with the environment has only beenshown in computer-simulated environments.Drivers should question any driving skills test that does not include altogether thetest components as described in the appropriate study guide. In Table 1 chiffonier be seenthe take ond driving skills test components and the bumpy time guideed tocomplete each. Thus the times are estimates establish on an average length drivingroute, good weather conditions, light relations and a well-prepared driver. Furthermorethe homogeneous authors underline that skills tests must include all the segments listed inTable 1. In this way a test may stock m ore time than shown in this table, but shouldAlso the guide underline the procedures of taking curves, entering into thecrossroads and others. These represents for the psychologists criteria in validationof the driving tests baterry.Underlining the importance of opthalmic functions in driving, such as acuity,field, contrast, color and night vision can be roundd as part of an eyeexamination. Functional vision includes public presentation of daily living skills, readingability, mobility skills and driving skills. In this way the measurement of opticfunctions is often used as a substitute from which to estimate utilitarian vision.According to the visual standards (Colenbrander, A. De Laey, J.J., 2006), thevisual acuity is measured often, visual field sometimes and contrast sensitivityrarely. The authors underline that estimating predicted driving performance on the terra firma of a few parameters, many other factors, such as formulation, experience andfamiliarity with the drivin g environment can affect the prediction. In this way theauthors present in Figure 1 crabbedities of vision related functioning.As it can be observed in Figure 1, the authors undeline that the driving testsincluded into the tests battery has to predict the driving performances in traffic. Inthis way, they highlite that the driving safety does not depend so much on what isseen, but rather on how quickly and how adequately drivers react to what isseen. So, is the moment when the time answer tests has to be included into adriving tests baterry.When human observers look at an optic flow stimulus their eye movementsshow a regular alternation of gaze shifts and slow tracking movements at afrequency of about 2 Hz (Niemann, Lappe, Buscher Hoffmann, 1999 Lappe Hoffmann, 2000).Many perceptual experiments have shown that heading can be perceivedfrom optic flow (J.E. Cutting, P.M. Vishton, M. Flckinger, B. Baumberger, andJ.D. Gerndt, 1997 Turano and X. Wang, 1994 Warren, D.R. Mestre, A.W.Bla ckwell, and M.W. Morris, 1991 Stone and J.A. Perrone 1997). They haveidentified important requirements for accurate analysis as well as sources of error.A particular concern are eye movements which are induced by optic flow andwhich, by distorting the structure of the flow field projected in the eye, via mediaheading detection.2. THE OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESYS, PARTICIPANTSThe objective is focused to design a psychological test battery to predict thedriving behavior of the potential drivers in the way of fall the accident risk.The independent variables of the tests baterry are predictors for the drivingperformances in traffic.The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, age between18 and 45 years old (M = 34.4, 4 S.D. = 1.32), contrary levels of education. Also,the participants were driving school students tested at two driving schools fromBucharest.OrganstructureOrganfunctionSkills andabilitiesSocietalconsequenc.THE ORGAN THE PERSONExamples Injury reversionVisual acuityV isual fieldReadingMobilityEmploymentQuality of LifeICIDH Disorder Impairment Disability HandicapICF eubstancestructureBodyfunctionActivities andParticipationBarriers andFacilitatorsVision Visual Functions Howthe eye functionsFunctional Vision How the personfunctionsDRIVINGAcuity testField testContrastDrivingabilitytestDriving inactualtraficTrafficconditions246 Markus Sommer et al. 43. THE METHOD3.1. THE INSTRUMENTS RT Reaction Test (Schuhfried, 2007). With the RT is it possible tomeasure reaction time as both a simple choice and a multiple-choice reaction.Yellow light stimulus modalities are available in the test battery, so that differentstimulus constellations for the measurement of reaction time can be created. Thesecan range from individual stimuli to simultaneous or sequentially presentedstimulus combinations. The use of a rest key and a reaction key makes it possibleto distinguish between reaction and push time. Determination test (Schuhfried, 2007). The test is used to mea sure reactivestress tolerance and the associated ability to react and requires the respondent touse his cognitive skills to distinguish different colors and sounds, to memorize therelevant characteristics of stimulus configurations, response buttons and assignmentrules, and to select the relevant responses according to the assignment rules laiddown in the instructions and/or learned in the course of the test. The difficulty ofthe DT arises from the need to sustain continuous, rapid and varying responses torapidly changing stimuli. Tachitoscopic test (Schuhfried, 2007). The ATAVT tests observationalability by briefly presenting pictures of traffic situations. The items are constructedusing an explicit, theory-led rationale which is based on detailed analysis of thecognitive processes involved in working the test. The design of the ATAVT isbased on the principles used in the well-established TAVTMB test but builds onthese by taking account of recent research findings relating to the p erception ofscenes and objects. Visiotest-Stereoscopy. The Visiotest-Campitest with 6 visual acuity testsand the extension of the peripheral visual field. For the research, only thestereoscopic visual test was used. The test consist in a table with letters (A, B, C)which for a person with stereoscopic vision appears at different distances.The correlation hyaloplasm from Table 3 reveal the statistically significantcorrelations between the criterias and the predictors. Thus, the criteria right curve,cross road correlate statistically significant and positive with the followingpredictors tahitoscop corect (34**), DT corect (.27**), reaction time (.41**),motor time (.32**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant and negative(p Taking in consideration the criteria stop to the pedestrian crossing from thesame Table 3, can be observed a statistically significant and positive correlationbetween this criteria and the following predictors DT corrrect (.38**), motor timereactio n (.19*) and S.D. motor time (.17*). The same criteria correlate statisticallysignificant and negative with the following predictors Viziotest-stereoscopy(.42**), DT omitted (.41**) and tahito incorrect (.18*).Analizing the correlation between the criteria total performances in drivingand the predictors can be observed a statistically significant and positivecorrelation with the following predictors tahitoscop correct (.46**), DT correct(.53**), reaction time (.38**), motor time (.42**), S.D. reaction time (.31**) andS.D. motor time (.27**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant andnegative with the predictors Viziotest-stereoscopy (.51**), DT omitted (.27**)and tahito incorrect (.32**).Applying the regression model for the criteria total performances in drivingthe following regresssion model had been obtained (5).Table 4SummaryModel R R Square Adjusted R square1 0.742 0.550 0.526a) Predictors (Constant), tahitoscop correct, tahitoscop incorrect, DT correct, DT incor rect, DTomitted, TR motor time, S.D. reaction time, S.D. motor time, viziotest-stereoscopyb) underage variable total performances in driving.Table 4 underlines an error reduction of the model with 55% and a strongcorrelation between the independent variables and the criteria (0.742). reckon the F value (23.29) the regression model have a strong predictivevalue for the criteria total performances in driving (p Continued driver training in the form of guided lifelong self-improvement activitiesis essential for acquiring new skills (Sommer, Herle, Hausler, 2007). These newskills are required as driving gets more hard with technology car audiodevices, reading maps on screens, using computers, note taking, talking on phoneor radio, GPS device. The Standard Quality Driving political platform needs to be keptup-dated continuously and the latest additions are to be made available. These updatesare to focus on new developments that technology brings to vehicles and roads, all of which req uire the acquisition of new skills by drivers.The research finding reveal that designing psychological test batteries comesin the help of safety traffic and minimizing the accident hazard to occur onlytaking in consideration the criteria validity.